RESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and diabetes mellitus are major health problems associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The published literature suggests an association of diabetes mellitus with liver disease. However, the role of HBV infection in diabetes aetiology is still controversial. The present study was conducted to explore the veracity of this enigmatic association among Pakistani subjects. Methodology: The blood samples and clinical information were collected from chronic HBV-positive patients Group 1 (n = 120), and their age and gender were matched with those of the healthy control subjects Group 2 (n = 120). Hepatitis B virus-positive patients were also subdivided into two groups; (Group 1a and Group 1b) with and without liver cirrhosis for evaluation of the prevalence of diabetes. Results: The study revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the biochemical parameters in the HBV-positive and control groups. There was no correlation between diabetes and HBV with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus being similar in subjects with and without HBsAg (11.7% in the positive group and 10% in the controls). Since there were a relatively large number (32.5%) of HBV-positive patients with liver cirrhosis, a comparison of biochemical parameters was also carried out to evaluate the extent of the liver damage and its association with diabetes. During the comparison of HBV patients with and without cirrhosis for the prevalence of diabetes, no aetiologic association was found with diabetes. Conclusion: Study revealed that there was no correlation between HBV infection and diaabetes despite the significantly different biochemical parameters in the HBV-infected group and control subjects.
RESUMEN Antecedentes: La infección por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) y la diabetes mellitus son problemas de salud importantes asociados con morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. La literatura publicada sugiere una asociación de la diabetes mellitus con las enfermedades hepáticas. Sin embargo, el papel de la infección por VHB en la etiología de diabetes sigue siendo contro-versial. El presente estudio fue conducido con el propósito de explorar la veracidad de esta enigmática asociación entre sujetos paquistaníes. Metodología: Se recogieron muestras de sangre e información clínica de pacientes crónicos VHB positivos Grupo 1 (n = 120), y su edad y género fueron comparados con los de los sujetos sanos del control Grupo 2 (n = 120). Los pacientes positivos al virus de la hepatitis B también se subdividieron en dos grupos, a saber, (Grupo 1a y Grupo 1b) con y sin cirrosis hepática en relación con la prevalencia de la diabetes. Resultados: El estudio reveló que hubo diferencias significativas en estos dos grupos en los parámetros bioquímicos entre el grupo de control y el grupo VHB positivo. En estos dos grupos no hubo correlación entre la diabetes y el VHB. Puesto que hubo un número relativamente grande (32.5%) de pacientes VHB positivos con cirrosis hepática, se realizó también una comparación de los parámetros bioquímicos a fin de comprender el grado del daño hepático y su asociación con la diabetes. Durante la comparación de los pacientes con VHB con y sin cirrosis en relación con la prevalencia de diabetes, no se halló asociación etiológica con la diabetes. Conclusión: Este estudio reveló que no hubo correlación entre la infección por VHB y la diabetes, a pesar de los parámetros bioquímicos significativamente diferentes entre el grupo infectado por el VHB y los sujetos del control.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatite B Crônica/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus/virologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Vírus da Hepatite B/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/virologiaRESUMO
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been found to be an important reliable marker for future coronary events. Deposition of the EAT in young individuals is not well known. We studied EAT in 25 young overweight or obese individuals. In spite of the high visceral fat and total body fat, EAT thickness was not found to be high in the participants of our study.
RESUMO
Menorrhagia--technically defined as menses lasting longer than 7 days or a blood loss volume in excess of 60 to 80 mL--is one of the most common gynecologic complaints. It has been reported that 15% to 20% of otherwise healthy women experience debilitating menorrhagia. In the past, definitive treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding has been either abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Alternatives to hysterectomy are now stressed in light of the fact that nearly 50% of uterine specimens obtained during hysterectomies for menorrhagia are disease-free on pathologic examination. Etiologies are generally either endocrinologic or organic. Among the organic causes are coagulation disorders; organ dysfunction, such as liver or renal disease; endometrial hyperplasia; infection; iatrogenic causes, such as chemotherapy, anticoagulants, steroid therapy, and use of IUD; and anatomic causes, which include uterine leiomyoma, endometrial polyps, and pregnancy. Besides the history and physical exam, useful lab tests include CBC, serum pregnancy test, cervical specimens for gonorrhea and chlamydia, Pap smear, thyroid function tests, serum transaminases, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, bleeding time, serum prolactin, quantitative beta human chorionic gonadotropin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and adrenal function tests. Since many lesions are missed in office sampling or dilation and curettage, imaging studies, including ultrasound and hysteroscopy, can be useful in diagnosing the cause of menorrhagia. Medical treatments include drugs such as NSAIDS, progestins, oral contraceptives, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Surgical modalities range from the relatively simple, such as D & C, to major surgical procedures such as hysterectomy. Laser ablation and thermal balloon ablation are promising new procedures.
